History of Peñíscola
Peñíscola, located in the northern part of Castellón province in the Bajo Maestrazgo region, boasts a history spanning over 2,500 years.
Its rich historical heritage makes it one of Spain’s most fascinating cities.
Through its cobblestone streets, fortified walls, and the imposing Castle of Peñíscola, every corner tells a story—from ancient civilizations to medieval glory days and modern tourism.
The city’s name originates from the Latin transformation of Greek terms, evolving into «Paene + Insula,» meaning «almost an island,» eventually becoming today’s Peñíscola.
Ancient Beginnings: From Iberians to Romans
The first traces of human settlement in the area date back to the Iberians, particularly the Ilercavones, who lived during the Bronze Age.
These early inhabitants traded with Phoenicians and Greeks, leaving their mark on the city’s name. The Greeks from Zacynthos called it Quersonesos, meaning «peninsula,» later adapted by the Romans to Paene + Insula («almost an island»).
Under Roman rule, Peñíscola became a strategic port connecting the region to the Mediterranean.
Through the Via Augusta, the Romans imported manufactured goods such as ceramics and weapons, while exporting high-quality olive oil and wine. This trade fostered the area’s development, leaving behind archaeological remains that can still be explored today.
Muslim Rule: The Arab Alcazaba
In 718, Peñíscola came under Muslim rule, known as Banaskula, and became an unassailable fortress by the sea.
Its strategic position made it a key trading port and a base for incursions into Catalonia. The Arab Alcazaba, built atop the tombolo, served as the city’s defensive core, surrounded by farming villages and irrigated fields sustained by an advanced network of canals.
One notable figure of this era was Mohamed Ben Mardanis, known as the Wolf King, who defended his southeastern Iberian Muslim kingdom from this stronghold. However, Muslim dominance ended in the 13th century with the Christian Reconquest.
The Christian Reconquest: Jaume I and the New Peñíscola
On January 28, 1251, King Jaume I of Aragon granted Peñíscola its charter of population, establishing Christian rule.
Though earlier attempts were made, it wasn’t until 1233, after the fall of Burriana, that Peñíscola peacefully surrendered. Initially, Muslim laws and customs were respected, but over time, property and assets transitioned to Christian settlers.
Between 1294 and 1307, the Knights Templar built the Castle of Peñíscola atop the remains of the Arab Alcazaba, transforming it into both a military stronghold and a religious bastion.
The Western Schism and the Pope Luna
One of Peñíscola’s most fascinating historical chapters occurred during the Western Schism in the 14th and 15th centuries.
In 1411, Pedro Martínez de Luna, also known as Pope Benedict XIII or the Pope Luna, established his papal seat in Peñíscola.
The castle became a papal palace and library, from which Pope Luna sought to assert his authority over the popes in Rome and Avignon.
The Pope’s influence left a lasting cultural and architectural imprint on the city.
Renaissance and the 16th Century: The Walls of Philip II
Over time, Peñíscola returned to royal jurisdiction, solidifying its status as a strategically important town. During the 16th century, under Philip II, the city’s defenses were strengthened against pirate attacks and Turkish incursions.
Military architect Giovanni Battista Antonelli designed these fortifications, including the Portal Fosc and Renaissance walls, examples of Mediterranean military engineering.
The construction of the Badum Tower in the Sierra de Irta added a crucial coastal surveillance point. These structures testify to the efforts made to protect the territory from maritime threats.
War of Succession and Military Decline
The 18th century brought the War of Spanish Succession, where Peñíscola played a prominent role.
While much of the Kingdom of Valencia supported Archduke Charles, Peñíscola remained loyal to the Bourbons.
As a reward, Philip V granted the town the title of «Very Noble, Loyal, and Most Faithful City» along with tax benefits and privileges.
However, after this conflict, Peñíscola’s military importance gradually waned. By 1890, its arsenal was dismantled and transferred to Cartagena.
Contemporary Era: From Commerce to Tourism
During the 19th century, Peñíscola endured Napoleonic occupation and devastation from the Carlist Wars, yet it maintained its role as a trading port, exporting wine, olive oil, and other agricultural products.
The rise of tourism in the latter half of the 20th century marked a turning point.
Films like El Cid (1962) and Calabuch (1956) showcased Peñíscola’s beauty internationally, drawing visitors eager to explore its history, beaches, and natural surroundings.
Peñíscola Today: A Blend of History and Nature
Today, Peñíscola is a destination that seamlessly combines history and nature.
The Sierra de Irta, a protected natural park and marine reserve, offers hiking trails through pristine coves and cliffs. Meanwhile, the Old Town invites visitors to wander its cobbled streets and admire its historic buildings.
The city has preserved its cultural heritage, from festive traditions to the Sea Museum, which honors its maritime past.
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What to See in Peñíscola | What to Do in Peñíscola | Trails in Peñíscola
